Water Filter

A water filter removes impurities by minimizing contamination of water using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents for purposes such as providing agricultural irrigation, accessible drinking water, public and private aquaria, and the safe use of ponds and swimming pools.

Methods of filtration

Filters use sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges and other processes to remove unwanted substances from water. Unlike a sieve or screen, a filter can potentially remove particles much smaller than the holes through which its water passes.

Certification[edit]

Three organizations are accredited by the American National Standards Institute, and each one of them certified products using American National Standard Institute/National Science Foundation standards. Each American National Standards Institute/National Science Foundation standard requires verification of contaminant reduction performance claims, an evaluation of the unit, including its materials and structural integrity, and a review of the product labels and sales literature. Each certifies that home water treatment units meet or exceed National Standard Institute/National Science Foundation and Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. American National Standard Institute/National Science Foundation standards are issued in two different sets, one for health concerns (such as removal of specific contaminants (Standard 53, Health Effects) and one for aesthetic concerns (Aesthetic Effects, such as improving taste or appearance of water). Certification from these organizations will specify one or both of these specific standards.

NSF International[edit]

NSF International as it is now known started out as the National Sanitation Foundation in 1944 at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. ^[3] The NSF's water treatment Device Certification Program requires extensive product testing and unannounced audits of production facilities. One goal of this not for profit organization is to provide assurance to consumers that the water treatment devices they are purchasing meet the design, material,and performance requirements of national standards.^[3]

Underwriters Laboratories[edit]

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., is an independent, accredited testing and certification organization that certifies home water treatment units which meet or exceed EPA and American National Standard Institute/National Science Foundation drinking water standards of contaminant reduction, aesthetic concerns, structural integrity, and materials safety.

Water Quality Association[edit]

The Water Quality Association is a trade organization that tests water treatment equipment, and awards its Gold Seal to systems that meet or exceed ANSI/NSF standards for contaminant reduction performance, structural integrity, and materials safety.

Filters that use reverse osmosis, those labeled as “absolute one micron filters,” or those labeled as certified by an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)- accredited organization to American National Standard Institute/National Science Foundation Standard 53 for “Cyst Removal” provide the greatest assurance of removing Cryptosporidium. As with all filters, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for filter use and replacement.^[4]

History[edit]

During the 19th and 20th centuries, water filters for domestic water production were generally divided into slow sand filters and rapid sand filters (also called mechanical filters and American filters). While there were many small-scale water filtration systems prior to 1800, Paisley, Scotland is generally acknowledged as the first city to receive filtered water for an entire town. The Paisley filter began operation in 1804 and was an early type of slow sand filter. Throughout the 1800s, hundreds of slow sand filters were constructed in the UK and on the European continent. An intermittent slow sand filter was constructed and operated at Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1893 due to continuing typhoid fever epidemics caused by sewage contamination of the water supply.^[7] The first continuously operating slow sand filter was designed by Allen Hazen for the city of Albany, New York in 1897.^[8] The most comprehensive history of water filtration was published by Moses N. Baker in 1948 and reprinted in 1981.^[7]

In the 1800s, mechanical filtration was an industrial process that depended on the addition of aluminium sulfate prior to the filtration process. The filtration rate for mechanical filtration was typically more than 60 times faster than slow sand filters, thus requiring significantly less land area. The first modern mechanical filtration plant in the U.S. was built at Little Falls, New Jersey for the East Jersey Water Company. George W. Fuller designed and supervised the construction of the plant which went into operation in 1902.^[9] In 1924, John R. Baylis developed a fixed grid backwash assist system which consisted of pipes with nozzles that injected jets of water into the filter material during expansion.^[10]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filter

Water Purification

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including fulfilling the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. The methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Purifying water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, as well as reducing the amount of a range of dissolved and particulate material derived from the surfaces that come from runoff due to rain.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended purpose of water use.

Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even natural spring water – considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th century – must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.

According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved drinking water supply, 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrheal disease are attributed to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene, while 1.8 million people die from diarrheal diseases each year. The WHO estimates that 94% of these diarrheal cases are preventable through modifications to the environment, including access to safe water.^[1] Simple techniques for treating water at home, such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, and storing it in safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year.^[2] Reducing deaths from waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries.

Treatment[edit]

Goals[edit]

The goals of the treatment are to remove unwanted constituents in the water and to make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical applications. Widely varied techniques are available to remove contaminants like fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials, or environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.

The processes below are the ones commonly used in water purification plants. Some or most may not be used depending on the scale of the plant and quality of the raw (source) water.

Sedimentation[edit]

Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the centre outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of water—that furthest from the sludge—exits.

In 1904, Allen Hazen showed that the efficiency of a sedimentation process was a function of the particle settling velocity, the flow through the tank and the surface area of tank. Sedimentation tanks are typically designed within a range of overflow rates of 0.5 to 1.0 gallons per minute per square foot (or 1.25 to 2.5 meters per hour). In general, sedimentation basin efficiency is not a function of detention time or depth of the basin. Although, basin depth must be sufficient so that water currents do not disturb the sludge and settled particle interactions are promoted. As particle concentrations in the settled water increase near the sludge surface on the bottom of the tank, settling velocities can increase due to collisions and agglomeration of particles. Typical detention times for sedimentation vary from 1.5 to 4 hours and basin depths vary from 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.5 meters).^{[6]:9.39–9.40[7]:790–1[8]:140–2, 171}

Inclined flat plates or tubes can be added to traditional sedimentation basins to improve particle removal performance. Inclined plates and tubes drastically increase the surface area available for particles to be removed in concert with Hazen's original theory. The amount of ground surface area occupied by a sedimentation basin with inclined plates or tubes can be far smaller than a conventional sedimentation basin.

Filtration[edit]

After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc.

Membrane filtration[edit]

Membrane filters are widely used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all particles larger than 0.2 μm—including giardia and cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse the water for industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before discharging the water into a river that is used by towns further downstream. They are widely used in industry, particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled water). However no filtration can remove substances that are actually dissolved in the water such as phosphorus, nitrates and heavy metal ions.

Removal of ions and other dissolved substances[edit]

Ultrafiltration membranes use polymer membranes with chemically formed microscopic pores that can be used to filter out dissolved substances avoiding the use of coagulants. The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive the water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out.^{[citation needed]}

Ion exchange:^[10] Ion exchange systems use ion exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na⁺ or K⁺ ions. Ion exchange resins are also used to remove toxic ions such as nitrite, lead, mercury, arsenic and many others.

Precipitative softening:^{[6]:13.12–13.58} Water rich in hardness (calcium and magnesium ions) is treated with lime (calcium oxide) and/or soda-ash (sodium carbonate) to precipitate calcium carbonate out of solution utilizing the common-ion effect.

Electrodeionization:^[10] Water is passed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Ion exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and only negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionized water is produced continuously, similar to ion exchange treatment. Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the right conditions are met. The water is normally pre-treated with a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants, and with gas transfer membranes to remove carbon dioxide. A water recovery of 99% is possible if the concentrate stream is fed to the RO inlet.

Other water purification techniques[edit]

Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private supplies are listed below. In some countries some of these methods are also used for large scale municipal supplies. Particularly important are distillation (de-salination of seawater) and reverse osmosis.

1. Boiling: Bringing it to its boiling point at 100 °C (212 °F), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestine related diseases,^[15] but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities.^[16] For human health, complete sterilization of water is not required, since the heat resistant microbes are not intestine affecting.^[15] The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than 60 °C (140 °F). Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process.^[15][17] In areas where the water is "hard" (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the "fur" that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that is boiled and then stored for any length of time may acquire new pathogens.
2. Granular Activated Carbon filtering: a form of activated carbon with a high surface area, adsorbs many compounds including many toxic compounds. Water passing through activated carbon is commonly used in municipal regions with organic contamination, taste or odors. Many household water filters and fish tanks use activated carbon filters to further purify the water. Household filters for drinking water sometimes contain silver as metallic silver nanoparticle. If water is held in the carbon block for longer periods, microorganisms can grow inside which results in fouling and contamination. Silver nanoparticles are excellent anti-bacterial material and they can decompose toxic halo-organic compounds such as pesticides into non-toxic organic products.^[18]
3. Distillation involves boiling the water to produce water vapour. The vapour contacts a cool surface where it condenses as a liquid. Because the solutes are not normally vaporised, they remain in the boiling solution. Even distillation does not completely purify water, because of contaminants with similar boiling points and droplets of unvapourised liquid carried with the steam. However, 99.9% pure water can be obtained by distillation.  
4. Reverse osmosis: Mechanical pressure is applied to an impure solution to force pure water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create. Unless membranes are well-maintained, algaeand other life forms can colonize the membranes.
5. The use of iron in removing arsenic from water. See Arsenic contamination of groundwater.
6. Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Applicable to desalination. Heated seawater is passed along the surface of a hydrophobic polymer membrane. Evaporated water passes from the hot side through pores in the membrane into a stream of cold pure water on the other side. The difference in vapour pressure between the hot and cold side helps to push water molecules through.
7. Desalination – is a process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas.
8. Gas hydrate crystals centrifuge method. If carbon dioxide or other low molecular weight gas is mixed with contaminated water at high pressure and low temperature, gas hydrate crystals will form exothermically. Separation of the crystalline hydrate may be performed by centrifuge or sedimentation and decanting. Water can be released from the hydrate crystals by heating^[19]
9. In Situ Chemical Oxidation, a form of advanced oxidation processes and advanced oxidation technology, is an environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong chemical oxidizers directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation
10. Bioremediation is a technique that uses microorganisms in order to remove or extract certain waste products from a contaminated area. Since 1991 bioremediation has been a suggested tactic to remove impurities from water such as alkanes, perchlorates, and metals.^[20] The treatment of ground and surface water, through bioremediation, with respect to perchlorate and chloride compounds, has seen success as perchlorate compounds are highly soluble making it difficult to remove.^[21] Such success by use of Dechloromonas agitata strain CKB include field studies conducted in Maryland and the Southwest region of the United States.^[21][22][23] Although a bioremediation technique may be successful, implementation is not feasible as there is still much to be studied regarding rates and after effects of microbial activity as well as producing a large scale implementation method.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

Coway is Certified

✅Coway is Certified 👍🏻

SIRIM Certified

klik sini / click here : Malaysia Certified

http://www.malaysiancertified.com.my/ProductCert.aspx?company=&product=&standard=&cyear=&status=&country=&state=&licenceno=&brand=COWAY&regulatory=👍🏻

Barang Termurah 8 Tahun Ke Depan Adalah Rumah, Harga Rumah Pada Masa Depan Seperti Harga Bawang! – Jack Ma

Barang Termurah 8 Tahun Ke Depan Adalah Rumah, Harga Rumah Pada Masa Depan Seperti Harga Bawang! – Jack Ma

Sebaliknya, apa yang akan jadi mahal?

1. Udara Bersih

Pelbagai jenis kilang dibina, asap dari kenderaan bermotor, pembakaran hutan sehingga tiada udara yang segar, akan membuat udara di seluruh dunia menjadi kotor dan akan ada perniagaan baru yang muncul, jualan udara bersih. Untuk mencari udara bersih tidak lagi seperti sekarang, sangat susah untuk kita mencari udara bersih nanti sehingga kita harus membelinya dengan harga yang mahal.

2. Air Bersih

Air juga telah menjadi kotor oleh perbuatan manusia sendiri. Sungai telah tercemar, tasik yang tidak lagi mengalirkan air bersih, semua itu kerana kilang-kilang yang sembarangan membuang sisa-sisa kotor tersebut.

Dulu kita jarang mendengar berita air kotor di suatu negara, namun pada tahun 2013, satu berita di mana air minuman di kedai 24 jam habis terjual kerana negara itu mengalami krisis air. Bayangkan tahun 2023?

3. Makanan Sihat dan Bebas Kimia

Kerana ketamakan manusia sendiri membuat para penyelidik akhirnya menggunakan pelbagai makanan dari bahan kimia membuat makanan yang kita makan menjadi sangat hebat!

10 tahun kemudian, untuk mendapatkan makanan enak namun bebas dari bahan kimia ini, akan menjadi sangat jarang berlaku!

JAKIM & Water Quality Association(WQA) certified

JAKIM & Water Quality Association(WQA) certified

"AIR BERSIH & SELAMAT UNTUK ANDA SEKELUARGA"

🔆 Bantu Saya Share Post Ini Untuk Manfaat Rakan Anda.

www.halal.gov.my
www.islam.gov.my
www.wqa.org

Untuk Pemasangan & Info Lebih Lanjut, Anda Boleh Menghubungi Saya Di Talian Berikut ;

SMS/WhatsApp/Call :
+6 017 - 778 0886 (KAMAR)

cowayunited.blogspot.com
www.facebook.com/CowayUnited
www.facebook.com/CowayJobs

"AIR BERSIH & SELAMAT UNTUK ANDA SEKELUARGA"

#coway
#oneteam
#cowayunited
#cowayjobs
#wellnessforall
#wellnessmadeeasy

3 PERKARA YANG ANDA WAJIB TAHU SEBELUM MEMBELI PENAPIS AIR

3 PERKARA YANG ANDA WAJIB TAHU SEBELUM MEMBELI PENAPIS AIR
============================================

Tahukah anda dalam pasaran kini terdapat 3 jenis sistem penapis air, iaitu ;
sistem penapis air RO (Osmosis Songsang), Mineral & Alkali.

Sebelum anda membeli penapis air, WAJIB untuk anda ketahui dahulu perbezaan jenis air tersebut.

1- Sistem Air Reverse Osmosis (R.O)
✓ Air di proses menggunakan tekanan air melalui membrane R.O yg halus.
✓ Di sebabkan air melalui membrane yg terlalu halus,maka ia menapis semua kandungan air yg baik(mineral) & tidak baik (logam berat)
✓ Mineral yg tertapis tersebut tidaklah menyebabkan badan kekurangan mineral
✓ Mineral bukan hanya di dalam air, tetapi boleh didapati dari sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan, dan sebagainya.
✓ Menghasilkan air yg bersih dan selamat untuk di minum.

2- Sistem Air Mineral
✓ Kebiasaannya penapis air mineral menggunakan tekanan air melalui proses UltraViolet(UV), UltraFilteration (UF) dan NanoTrap.
✓ Menapis mineral dan logam berat dengan baik
✓ Di antara 3 jenis proses tersebut masih ada yg tidak dapat proses logam berat tertentu dengan baik`
✓ Menghasilkan air yg bermineral & sedap diminum tanpa bau.

3- Sistem Air Alkali
✓ Air dihasilkan dari proses elektrolisis
✓ Dapat menghasilkan air dengan pH yang tinggi ( pH air biasa adalah 7)
✓ Dilaporkan penghasilan -ERP dari proses eletrolisis air kononnya mampu merawat pelbagai penyakit
✓ Masih tiada bukti klinik yg menyokong air alkali ini
✓ Tidak berkesan menapis bahan cemar - hanya ada jenama tertentu yg membuat penambah baikan pd sistem ini utk menapis bahan cemar tersebut.

Untuk makluman anda, bermula pada tahun 2016 Coway kini mempunyai 3 jenis system air iaitu RO (Osmosis Songsang), Alkali & Mineral di Malaysia.

Asalnya sejak tahun 2006-2015 Coway hanya mahu market di Malaysia mengenali Coway sebagai pembekal air RO sahaja. Walaupun di Korea, Coway merupakan syarikat pembekal pelbagai jenis air kepada syarikat lain dan pengguna No. 1 di Korea. Tetapi kerana persaingan di pasaran Malaysia dan majoriti pesaing memberi info yang tidak betul maka Coway terpaksa memasukan lagi 2 rangkaian produk yang boleh menghasilkan air Alkali & Mineral.

Kenapa Coway Bertindak Demikian?
Bagi Coway, ia menjadi tanggungjawab utama sebagai syarikat No.1 dalam industri penapisan air di Malaysia untuk membetulkan info yg salah secara professional. Secara tidak langsung ia tidak memburukkan jenama lain. Selain membuktikan Coway sememangnya layak memegang status syarikat penapisan air No. 1 di Malaysia.

Untuk PESANAN TERKINI Coway Menawarkan Pendaftaran Terhad Dan Pemasangan Penapis Air PERCUMA Di Rumah Anda.

Cepat2 Rebut Peluang Ini!

"AIR BERSIH & SELAMAT UNTUK ANDA SEKELUARGA"
🔆 Bantu Saya Share Post Ini Untuk Manfaat Rakan Anda.

Untuk Pemasangan & Info Lebih Lanjut, 
Anda Boleh Menghubungi Saya Di Talian Berikut ;
SMS/WhatsApp/Call :
+6 017 - 778 0886 (KAMAR)

"AIR BERSIH & SELAMAT UNTUK ANDA SEKELUARGA"

Rujukan :

www.islam.gov.my

www.halal.gov.my

www.wqa.org

www.aham.org

www.ahamverifide.org

#coway
#oneteam
#cowayunited
#cowayjobs
#wellnessforall
#wellnessmadeeasy

Sejarah COWAY

================================

SEJARAH COWAY

================================

.

Syarikat COWAY ditubuhkan pada tahun 1989 di South Korea DAN merupakan sebuah syarikat gergasi yang berkecimpung dalam pembangunan dan penyelidikan kesejahteraan dan kesihatan manusia. 

.

COWAY adalah pengeluar penapis air dan udara yang terbesar di South Korea. Diperkenalkan di Malaysia pada tahun 2006 sebagai salah satu Cawangan Luar Negara mereka selain dari di China,Jepun, Thailand dan Amerika Syarikat. Dengan ‘tagline’ – “We Bring Wellness”. 

.

Coway Malaysia merupakan salah satu Cawangan Luar Negara yang paling tinggi jualan bulanannya berbanding cawangan-cawangan luar yang lain.

. 

Pada tahun 2013, Coway telah menukar ‘tagline’ kepada “We Believe in Goodness” selaras dengan produk yang dipasarkan. Coway merupakan Jenama yang mementingkan kesihatan dan alam sekitar dengan mereka produk-produk kegunaan rumah yang mesra-alam 100% untuk semua.

. 

5 JUTA pelanggan di Korea sangat berpuas hati dengan produk dan servis

.

Memiliki Pusat Penyelidikan & Pembangunan (R&D) tersendiri dan ianya secara rasminya diiktiraf sebagai ” Drinking Water Quality Inspection Agency “

. 

Makmal Coway yang dilengkapi dengan kemudahan “state-of-the-art” dengan lebih 250 orang penyelidik serta saintis ternama.

.

Coway merupakan Pengeluar sistem penapisan air terbesar di dunia.

.

Perkhidmatan Coway Lady (CODY) sentiasa bersedia untuk membantu pelanggan menyelenggara produk-produk Coway.

. 

‘RoHS compliance’, melalui kawalan kualiti yang sangat ketat. ( Apa itu RoHS? Boleh baca di sini: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoHS_Compliant)

. 

Jenama Coway adalah jenama yang paling banyak mendapat pengiktirafan dalam industri peralatan kemudahan rumah.

Rujukan :

www.coway.com
www.coway.com.my

www.islam.gov.my

www.halal.gov.my

www.wqa.org

http://aham.org/

http://ahamverifide.org/

.

#Coway

#OneTeam

#CowayUnited

#CowayJobs

#CowayTamanU

#WQA 

#HalalJakim 

#SIRIM 

#NSF 

#BPAfree

#WellnessForAll

#WellnessMadeEasy